Bauvel also suggests in the book that, like the Czech astronomer Zaba before him, "that the Pesh-en-Kef instrument, fixed on a wooden piece and in conjunction with a plumb-bob, was used to align the pyramid to the pole stars."įurthermore, he suggested, "it seemed very likely that a priest placed the ritualistic tools inside the northern shaft from the other side Bauval's book he mentions several times that one of these relics, the bronze hook, was probably a form of Pesh-en-kef and "also a sighting device for stellar alignments", and that this was a view that was supported by Professor I.E.S. These events are documented in the epilogue of his book, The Orion Mystery. The loss of these relics was the subject of an extensive investigationin 1993 conducted by Robert Bauval with the assistance of Dr. The relics were sent to Piazzi Smyth in a cigar box where they were recorded in his diary with accompanying drawings and sketches. These items were found in the hermetically sealed north shaft broken into by a Bill Grundy under the direction of W Dixon. It was Charles Piazzi Smyth in his 1878 book "The Great Pyramid" who recorded the relics found in the north shaft of the Queens chamber by Dixon and Grant. Understanding them will open all kinds of avenues of new research into the ancient past. I believe that the relics shown in Figure 1, which were discovered in the North shaft of the Queens chamber in the Great Pyramid of Khufu by Waynman Dixon and DR Grant in 1872, may have been one of the greatest Egyptian treasures revealed to date.
That the evidence of the use of this instrument, is not only in the constructions, but that the author has found evidence of the actual artifact. The proposal is that the pyramid of Khufu was surveyed with an instrument capable of accuracy to 3 minutes of arc.Ģ. One minute of arc is equal to one nautical mile on the meridian.ġ. Not only that, but one that is accurate to degrees and fractions of degrees, which would be necessary for the ancients calculations.ĭegrees are broken down into minutes and seconds of arc. What has not been found to date, is an instrument capable of acting as an inclinometer or modern theodolite / sextant. This is depicted in many friezes and was used in surveying, with the instruments known as the Bay and Merkhet. It is known that the ancient Egyptians used plumb line technology in several different areas, particularly in weights and measures. How did the architects achieve such accuracy? Were the alignments achieved by solar or stellar observation? How did the architects achieve alignment? How did the ancient architects survey and lay out the constructions? Since there is, and has been, much debate amongst groups of academics over the ancient methods of surveying the pyramids at Giza, we will attempt to address the following questions.
That the Celtic cross was used as a spherical measuring instrument for the purposes of navigation, astronomy, surveying, cartography and time keeping is known. The proposal and thesis is based upon the discoveries and calculations of the author, whilst working on the proposal that the Celtic cross was an instrument derived from the astrolabe and quadrant.
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